Belajar Dasar Bahasa Korea (Hangul) Part III

"Suka"

Kata kerja “Jo-da” (좋다) dan “Johaha-da” (좋아하다) terkadang menyebabkan kekeliruan. Pasalnya, dalam kalimat, kedua kata ini nyaris sama penulisannya. “Jo-da” merupakan kata kerja yang menyatakan “bagus”. Dan kata kerja “Johaha-da” menyatakan “suka”.

Contoh:
This is good => I geosi johayo (이 것이 좋아요)
I like this thing => I geoseul johahaeyo (이 것을 좋아해요)
Lihat, kedua kalimat di atas nyaris sama dalam bahasa Korea-nya. Oleh sebab itu, kita harus memperhatikannya dengan baik.
Contoh lainnya:

• Flowers are good.= Kkot johayo (꽃 좋아요)
• I like flowers.= Kkot johahaeyo (꽃 좋아해요)
• Do you like these socks?= I yangmareul johahaeyo? (이 양마를 좋아해요?)
• Are these socks good?= I yangmareul johayo? (이 양마를 좋아요?)

“PLEASE DO …… FOR ME” 
Maksud dari pembahasan kita kali ini adalah meminta seseorang untuk melakukan seseuatu untuk kita. Kita cukup menggunakan pola:

Kata kerja tipe 1: Kata kerja + a + juseyo

Contoh:

• Please cut it for me!= Kkakk-a-juseyo (깎아주세요) Kkakk-da = to cut

Kata kerja tipe 2: Kata kerja + eo + juseyo

Contoh:
Please read it for me!
= Ilg-eo-juseyo (읽어주세요)
Il-da = to read

Kata kerja tipe 3: Kata kerja + hae + juseyo
Please love me!
= Saranghae-juseyo (사랑해주세요)
Sarangha-da = to love

CONTOH LAIN:
Please buy that thing for me.
= Geu geos-eul sa-juseyo (그 것을 사주세요)
Please cut the price a little.
= Gabs-eul jogeum kkakk-a-juseyo (값을 조금 깎아주세요)
Please ring!
= Cheonhwahae-juseyo (천화해주세요)
Please read this book for me!
= I chaeg-eul ilg-eo-juseyo (이 책을 읽어주세요)
(Sumber – http://hehemahita.wordpress.com)

“VERB -> NOUN”
Partikel “-m” (ㅁ) atau “-eum” (음) dapat mengubah kata sifat dan kata kerja menjadi kata benda. Namun tidak semua bisa diubah dengan cara seperti ini, terutama jika kata tersebut berasal dari HANJA (Hanja adalah tulisan Korea yang diadaptasi dari China), karena kata tersebut sudah memiliki kata benda tersendiri tanpa disisipkan partikel di atas.
Aturan pertama:
Jika kata tersebut tidak berakhiran konsonan, maka cukup sisipkan partikel “-m”.

Contoh:
Kata sifat: Apeuda (아프다) = sakit
Maka kata bendanya menjadi: Apeu-m (아픔)
Aturan kedua:
Jika kata tersebut berakhiran konsonan, maka kita menyisipkan partikel “-eum”.
Contoh:
Kata sifat: Juk-ta (죽다) = mati
Maka kata bendanya menjadi: Jug-eum (죽음) = kematian
Contoh lain:

• Gippeu-da (기쁘다) = to be happy
• Gippeu-m (기쁨) = happiness
• Kku-da (꾸다) = dreaming
• Kku-m (꿈) = dream
• Dandanha-da (단단하다) = sulit
• Dandanha-m (단단함) = kesulitan
• Dop-ta (돕다) = membantu
• Dou-m (도움) = bantuan
• Ssau-da (싸우다 ) = berkelahi
• Ssau-m (싸움) = perkelahian
• Ja-da (자다) = to sleep
• Ja-m (잠) = sleep
• Chu-da (추다 ) = menari
• Chu-m (춤) = tarian
• Jji-da (찌다) = mengukus
• Jji-m (찜 ) = kukusan
• Aswip-ta (아쉽다) = sial
• Aswiu-m (아쉬움) = kesialan
• Moi-da (모이다) = bertemu
• Moi-m (모임) = pertemuan
• Neukki-da (누끼다) = merasakan
• Neukki-m (느낌) = perasaan
• Alli-da (알리다) = memberitahu
• Alli-m (알림) = pemberitahuan
• Geurip-ta (그립다) = rindu
• Geuriu-m (그리움) = kerinduan
• Geot-ta (걷다) = melangkah
• Geor-eum (걸음) = langkah
• Jol-da (졸다) = mengantuk
• Jor-eum (졸음) = kantuk
• Jeol-da (젊다) =  muda
• Jeoreum (젊음) = pemuda

“ADVERB”
Umumnya, adjective dalam bahasa Korea bisa berubah menjadi adverb dengan menyisipkan partikel “-ge” (게). Namun, tidak semua adjective bisa berlaku demikian, terutama yang memiliki akhiran “-hi” (히) dan “-ro” (로).

1. Adjective yang bisa disisipkan partikel “-ge”.

• Gabyeop-ta (가볍다) = to be light
• Gabyeop-ke (가볍게) = lightly
• Nappeuge (나쁘게) = to be bad
• Nappeuge (나쁘게) = bad
• Neut-ta (늦다) = to be late
• Neut-ke (늦게) = late
• Mashit-ta (맛있다) = to be delicious
• Mashit-ke (맛있게) = deliciuos
• Mureha-da (무례하다) = to be rude
• Mureha-ge (무례하게) = rudely
• Bappeu-da (바쁘다) = to be busy
• Bappeu-ge (바쁘게) = busy
• Ssa-da (싸다) = to be cheap
• Ssa-ge (싸게) = cheaply
• Areumdap-ta (아름답다) = to be beautiful
• Areumdap-ke (아름답게) = beautifully
• Anjeonha-da (안전하다) = to be safe
• Anjeonha-ge (안전하게) = safely
• Eoryeop-ta (어렵다) = to be difficult
• Eoryeop-ke (어렵게) = difficultly
• Ippeu-da (이쁘다) = to be pretty
• Ippeu-ge (이쁘게) = pretty
• Yonggi it-ta (용기 있다) = to be brave
• Yonggi it-ke (용기 있게) = bravely
• Wihomha-da (위홈하다) = to be dangerous
• Wihomha-ge (위홈하게) = dangerously
• Jayeonseureop-ta (자연스럽다) = to be natural
• Jayeonseureop-ke (자연스럽게) = naturally
• Jayurop-ta (자유롭다) = to be free
• Jayurop-ke (자유롭게) = freely
• Jaemi it-ta (재미 있다) = to be fun
• Jaemi it-ke (재미 있게) = fun
• Joyongha-da (조용하다) = to be quiet
• Joyongha-ge (조용하게) = quietly
• Jeulgeop-ta (즐겁다) = to be pleasant
• Jeulgeop-ke (즐겁게) = pleasantly
• Keu-da (크다) = to be large
• Keu-ge (크게) = largely
• Pyeonriha-da (편리하다) = to be convenient
• Pyeonriha-ge (편리하게) = conveniently
• Pyeonha-da (편하다) = to be comfortable
• Pyeonha-ge (편하게) = comfortably
• Haengbokha-da (행복하다) = to be happy
• Haengbokha-ge (행복하게) = happily

2. Adverb yang berakhiran “-hi”.
Adverb: Daedan-hi (대단히) = greatly, highly, extremely
Adjective: Daedanha-da (대단하다) = to be great
Adverb: Soljik-hi (솔직히) = honestly, frankly
Adjective: Soljikha-da (솔직하다) = to be honest
Adverb: Wanjeon-hi (완전히) = completely, fully, perfectly
Adjective: Wanjeonha-da (완전하다) = to be complete
Adverb: Uyeon-hi (우연히) = on accident, by chance
Adjective: Uyeonha-da (우연하다) = accidental
Adverb: Jase-hi (자세히) = in detail
Adjective: Jaseha-da (자세하다) = detail
Adverb: Teuk-hi (특히) = especially
Adjective: Teukha-da (특하다) = special
Adverb: Hwaksil-hi (확실히) = certainly
Adjective: Hwaksilha-da (화실하다) = certain
3. Adverb yang berakhiran “-euro”
Kadang ditambahkan partikel “-jeog-” tepat sebelum partikel “-euro”.
Noun/Derivative: Jikjeop (직접) = person
Adverb: Jikjeob-euro (직접으로) = in person
Noun/Derivative: Ilban (일반) = general
Adverb: Ilban-jeog-euro (일반적으로) = generally
Noun/Derivative: Jadong (자동) = automatic
Adverb: Jadong-euro (자동으로) = automatically
Noun/Derivative: Gongsik (공식) = formal
Adverb: Gongsik-jeog-euro (공식적으로) = formally
Noun/Derivative: Bigongsik (비공식) = informal
Adverb: Bigongsik-jeog-euro (비공식적으로) = informally
Noun/Derivative: Hyeoptong (협동) = cooperative
Adverb: Hyeoptong-jeog-euro (협동적으로) = cooperatively
Noun/Derivative: Jugi (주기) = regular
Adverb: Jugi-jeog-euro (주기적으로) = regularly
Noun/Derivative: Jangki (장기) = long term
Adverb: Jangki-jeog-euro (장기적으로) = in the long term
Noun/Derivative: Dangi (단기) = short term
Adverb: Dangi-jeog-euro (단기적으로) = in the short term
Noun/Derivative: Sangsik (상식) = common sense
Adverb: Sangsik-jeog-euro (상식적으로) = using common sense
Noun/Derivative: Sajeok (사적) = personal
Adverb: Sajeog-euro (사적으로) = personally
Noun/Derivative: Jeokkeuk (적극) = enthusiast
Adverb: Jeokkeuk-jeog-euro (적극적으로) = enthusiastically
Noun/Derivative: Hoekki (획기) = innovative
Adverb: Hoekki-jeog-euro (획기적으로) = innovatively
Noun/Derivative: Geuk (극) = drama
Adverb: Geuk-jeog-euro (극적으로) = dramatically
Noun/Derivative: Gijeok (기적) = miracle
Adverb: Gijeok-jeog-euro (기적적으로) = miraculously
Noun/Derivative: Jeonjeok (전적) = complete
Adverb: Jeonjeog-euro (전적으로) = completely
Noun/Derivative: Sangda (상다) = relativity
Adverb: Sangda-jeog-euro (상다적으로) = relatively
Noun/Derivative: Jamjeong (잠정) = tentative
Adverb: Jamjeong-jeog-euro (잠정적으로) = tentatively
Noun/Derivative: Mulli (물리) = physics
Adverb: Mulli-jeog-euro (물리적으로) = physically
Noun/Derivative: Simri (심리) = psychology
Adverb: Simri-jeog-euro (심리적으로) = psychologically
Noun/Derivative: Jiljeok (질적) = qualitative
Adverb: Jiljeog-euro (질적으로) = qualitatively
Noun/Derivative: Gojil (고질) = chronic
Adverb: Gojil-jeog-euro (고질적으로) = chronically
Noun/Derivative: Gibun (기분) = fundamental
Adverb: Gibun-jeog-euro (기분적으루) = fundamentally
Noun/Derivative: Bonneung (본능) = instinct
Adverb: Bonneung-jeog-euro (본능적으로) = instinctively
Noun/Derivative: Sudong (수동) = manual
Adverb: Sudong-euro (수동으로) = manually
Noun/Derivative: Uido (의도) = intention
Adverb: Uido-jeog-euro (의도적으로) = intentionally
Noun/Derivative: Eokji (억지) = force
Adverb: Eokji-ro (억지로) = forcibly
Noun/Derivative: Guchejeok (구체적) = detailed
Adverb: Guchejeog-euro (구체적으로) = detailly

4. Jenis lainnya.
Eopsi (없이) = without
Teullim eopsi (틀림 없이) = secara harfia berarti “tanpa kesalahan”, namun sebenarnya “tidak masalah”, atau bahasa Inggris-nya “no matter what”
Ppalli (빨리) = quickly
-> Ppareun (빠른) = quick
Iljjik (일찍) = early
Gachi (같이) = with, together
Gateun (같은) = with, together

Jika orang memiliki pemikiran yang umum, mereka biasanya bersama-sama. Itulah sebabnya sering disebutkan “uri” yang berarti “kami” (karena bersama-sama). Walau sesungguhnya yang dimaksud adalah kepunyaan seseorang.
Misalnya, A dan B bersahabat. Beda orangtua. Tapi A sering mengatakan ayah B dengan sebutan “Uri appa” yang berarti “ayah kami”. Padahal seharusnya “Neoui appa” yang berarti “ayahmu”.
Ttaro (따로) = separately
Berasal dari kata Dareun (다른) = different
Gipi (깊이) = deeply
Gipeun (깊은) = deep
Gapjagi (갑자기) = suddenly
Gapjaksireon (갑작스런) = sudden
Kkok (꼭) = for sure
Bandeusi (반드시) = at all cost, no matter what
Botong (보통) = usually
Jeonhyeo (전혀) = never
Maennal (맨날) = every day
Jaju (자주) = more than often; more repetive.
Jakku (자꾸) = continously
“Jakku” umumnya berkaitan dengan obsesi.
Misalnya, “Jakku ni saenggagina” (자꾸 니 생각이나)
= I can’t stop thinking about you.
Gakkeum (가끔) = less than sometimes; less repetive.
Ilbureo (일부러) = on purpose, deliberately
Hamburo (함부로) = carelessly, mindlessly